صنعت تصفیه خانه روغن خوراکی

کدهای ابعادی ANSI/ASME B16

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این کدها زیر برای تعیین هندسه، جنس و سختی متریال پایپینگ و فیتینگ ها به کار می‌روند:

استانداردهای متریال پایپینگ B16، که توسط انجمن مهندسان مکانیک آمریکا (ASME) و سازمان استاندارد ملی آمریکا (ANSI) منتشر شده‌اند به شرح زیر می‌باشند:

ASME B16.1 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
ASME B16.3 Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings, Class 150 and 300
ASME B16.4 Cast Iron Threaded Fittings, Classes 125 and 250
ASME B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
ASME B16.9 Factory Made Wrought Steel Butt welding Fittings
ASME B16.10 Face to Face and End to End Dimensions of Valves
ASME B16.11 Forged Fittings, Socket Welding and Threaded
ASME B16.12 Cast Iron Threaded Drainage Fittings
ASME B16.14 Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushings and Locknuts with Pipe Threads
ASME B16.15 Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings Class 125 and 250
ASME B16.18 Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings
ASME B16.20 Ring Joint Gaskets and Grooves for Steel Pipe Flanges
ASME B16.21 Nonmetallic Flat Gaskets for Pipe Flanges
ASME B16.22 Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings
ASME B16.23 Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage Fittings – DWV
ASME B16.24 Cast Copper Alloy Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings Class 150, 300, 400,600, 900, 1500 and 2500
ASME B16.25 Butt welding Ends
ASME B16.26 Cast Copper Alloy Fittings for Flared Copper Tubes
ASME B16.28 Wrought Steel Butt welding Short Radius Elbows and Returns
ASME B16.29 Wrought Copper and Wrought Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage Fittings – DWV
ASME B16.32 Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Fittings for Sovent Drainage Systems
;ASME B16.33 Manually Operated Metallic Gas Valves for Use in Gas Piping systems Up to 125 psig sizes ½ through 2
ASME B16.34 Valves – Flanged, Threaded and Welding End
ASME B16.36 Orifice Flanges
ASME B16.37 Hydrostatic Testing of Control Valves
ASME B16.38 Large Metallic Valves for Gas Distribution; Manually Operated, NPS 2 ½ to 12, 125 psig maximum
ASME B16.39 Malleable Iron Threaded Pipe Unions, Classes 1150, 250 and 300
ASME B16.40 Manually Operated Thermoplastic Gs Shutoffs and Valves in Gas Distribution Systems
ASME B16.42 Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, Class 150 and 300
ASME B16.47 Large Diameter Steel Flanges; NPS 26 through NPS 60

استاندارد لوله های پایپینگ ASME B36

این استاندارد به ابعاد و الزامات ساخت لوله های پایپینگ می پردازد استانداردهای پایپینگ B36 که به وسیله سازمانهای ANSI و ASME منتشر شده به شرح زیر می‌باشند:

ASME B36.10 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe
ASME B36.19 Stainless Steel Pipe

کدهای دیگر ASME که شامل تجهیزات است و در پایپینگ نیز کابرد دارند عبارتند از:

ASME B73.1 Horizontal, End Suction Centrifugal Pumps
ASME B73.2 Vertical In-line Centrifugal Pumps
ASME B133.2 Basic Gas Turbine

2) استانداردهای نفپا (NFPA) 

کد‌های NFPA که شامل پایپینگ می‌شوند مربوط به سیستم‌های حفاظت از آتش به وسیله آب، دی اکسید کربن و امثال آن می‌شود :

NFPA 99 Health Care Facilities

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3) استانداردهای CSA 

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CAN/CSA Z183 Oil Pipeline Systems
CAN/CSA Z184 Gas Pipeline Systems
CAN/CSA Z187 Offshore Pipelines

کدهای دیگر CSA برای متریال پایپینگ:

B 51 Boilers and Pressure Vessels
B 53 Identification of Piping Systems
B 52 Mechanical Refrigeration Code
B 63 Welded and Seamless Steel Pipes
B 137.3 Rigid Poly-Vinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe
B 137.4 Polyethylene Piping Systems for Gas Service
W 48.1 Mild Steel Covered Arc-Welding Electrodes
W 48.3 Low-Alloy Steel Arc-Welding Electrodes
Z 245.1 Steel Line Pipe
Z 245.11 Steel Fittings
Z 245.12 Steel Flanges
Z 245.15 Steel Valves
Z 245.20 External Fusion Bond Epoxy Coating for Steel Pipe
Z 245.21 External Polyethylene Coating for Pipe
Z 276 LNG – Production, Storage and Handling

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4) استانداردهای MSS 

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استانداردهای پایپینگ و متریال و فیتینگهای مرتبط که به وسیله جامعه استاندارد سازی (Manufacturer’s Standardization Society) توسعه یافته است.

استانداردهای MSS در کاربردهای صنعتی عمومی به کار می‌روند. صنعت خطوط انتقال (pipeline) از این استانداردهای اجزای پایپینگ و تایید کیفیت استفاده گسترده‌ای می‌کند.

SP-6 Standard Finishes for Contact Faces Pipe Flanges and Connecting End Flanges of Valves and Fittings
SP-25 Standard Marking System for Valves, Fittings, Flanges and Union
SP-44 Steel Pipeline Flanges
SP-53 Quality Standards for Steel Castings and Forgings for Valves, Flanges and Fittings and Other Piping Components – Magnetic Particle
SP-54 Quality Standards for Steel Castings and for Valves, Flanges and Fittings and Other Piping Components – Radiographic
SP-55 Quality Standards for Steel Castings and for Valves, Flanges and Fittings and Other Piping Components – Visual
SP-58 Pipe Hangers and Supports – Material, Design and manufacture
SP-61 Pressure Testing of Steel Valves
SP-69 Pipe Hangers and Supports – Selection and Application
SP-75 High Test Wrought Butt Welding Fittings
SP-82 Valve Pressure Testing Methods
SP-89 Pipe Hangers and Supports – Fabrication and Installation Practices

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5) استانداردهای API 

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استانداردهای API بر روی تولید، پالایش و توزیع محصولات نفت خام و پتروشیمی تمرکز دارند. قسمتهایی که به صنعت پایپینگ در این استاندارد اختصاص یافته، معمولن مهمترین و پرکاربردترین استانداردهای پایپینگ به شمار می روند.

مدارک API به سه بخش اسپک (SPEC) ، استاندارد (STD)، و پیشنهاد فنی (RP) تقسیم میشود که با مثالهای کاربردی آنها در پایپینگ آشنا میشویم:

• بخش اسپک های پرکاربرد API پایپینگ :

Spec. API 5L Line Pipe
Spec. API 6D Pipeline Valves
Spec. API 6FA Fire Test for Valves
Spec. API 12D Field Welded Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids
Spec. API 12F Shop Welded Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids
Spec. API 12J Oil and Gas Separators
Spec. API 12K Indirect Type Oil Field Heaters

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• بخش استاندارد (STD)های API برای پایپینگ

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Std. API 594 Wafer and Wafer-Lug Check Valves
Std. API 598 Valve Inspection and Testing
Std. API 599 Metal Plug Valves – Flanged and Butt-Welding Ends
Std. API 600 Steel Gate Valves-Flanged and Butt-Welding Ends
Std. API 602 Compact Steel Gate Valves-Flanged Threaded, Welding, and Extended-Body Ends
Std. API 603 Class 150, Cast, Corrosion-Resistant, Flanged-End Gate Valves
Std. API 607 Fire Test for Soft-Seated Quarter-Turn Valves
Std. API 608 Metal Ball Valves-Flanged and Butt-Welding Ends
Std. API 609 Lug-and Wafer-Type Butterfly Valves
Std. API 610 Centrifugal Pumps For Petroleum, Heavy Duty Chemical and Gas Industry Services
Std. API 611 General Purpose Steam Turbines for Refinery Services
Std. API 612 Special Purpose Steam Turbines for Refinery Services
Std. API 613 Special Purpose Gear Units for Refinery Services
Std. API 614 Lubrication, Shaft-Sealing and Control Oil Systems for Special Purpose Application
Std. API 615 Sound Control of Mechanical Equipment for Refinery Services
Std. API 616 Gas Turbines for Refinery Services
Std. API 617 Centrifugal Compressors for General Refinery Services
Std. API 618 Reciprocating Compressors for General Refinery Services
Std. API 619 Rotary-Type Positive Displacement Compressors for General Refinery Services
Std. API 620 Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low Pressure Storage Tanks
Std. API 630 Tube and Header Dimensions for Fired Heaters for Refinery Service
Std. API 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage
Std. API 660 Heat Exchangers for General Refinery Service
Std. API 661 Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers for General Refinery Service
Std. API 670 Vibrations, Axial Position, and Bearing-Temperature Monitoring Systems
Std. API 671 Special Purpose Couplings for Refinery Service
Std. API 674 Positive Displacement Pumps-Reciprocating
Std. API 675 Positive Displacement Pumps-Controlled Volume
Std. API 676 Positive Displacement Pumps-Rotary
Std. API 677 General Purpose Gear Units for Refineries Services
Std. API 678 Accelerometer-Base Vibration Monitoring System
Std. API 1104 Welding Pipelines and Related Facilities
Std. API 2000 Venting Atmospheric and low-Pressure Storage Tanks – Non-Refrigerated and Refrigerated

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• بخش RP ، پیشنهادات فنی یا  (Recommended Practice) ازAPI

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RP API 530 Calculation for Heater Tube Thickness in Petroleum Refineries
RP API 560 Fired Heater for General Refinery Services
RP API 682 Shaft Sealing System for Centrifugal and Rotary Pumps
RP API 1110 Pressure Testing of Liquid Petroleum Pipelines
Publ. 941 Steel for Hydrogen Service at Elevated Temperature and Pressures in Petroleum Refineries and Petrochemical Plants
Publ. 2009 Safe Welding and Cutting Practices in Refineries
Publ. 2015 Safe Entry and Cleaning of Petroleum Storage Tanks

6) استانداردهای ASTM 

استانداردهای ASTM به صورت استانداردهای ابعادی (dimensional)، متریالی (material) و مقاومتی در نظر گرفته می‌شوند. که مهمترین آنها برای پایپینگ، به شرح زیر است:

ASTM A 53 Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot –Dipped, Zinc Coated Welded and Seamless
ASTM A 105 Specification for Forgings, Carbon Steel, for Piping Components
ASTM A 106 Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High Temperature Service
ASTM A 181 Specification for Forgings, Carbon Steel for General Purpose Piping
ASTM A 182 Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High Temperature Service
ASTM A 193 Specification for Alloy Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for High Temperature Service
ASTM A 194 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure and High Temperature Service
ASTM A 234 Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and Elevated Temperatures
ASTM A 333 Specification for Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for Low Temperature Service
ASTM A 350 Specification for Forgings, Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Requiring Notch Toughness Testing for Piping Components
ASTM A 352 Specification for Steel Castings, Ferritic and Martensitic for Pressure Containing Parts Suitable for Low Temperature Service
ASTM A 420 Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Low Temperature Service
ASTM A 694 Specification for Forgings, carbon and Alloy Steel for Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves and Parts for High Pressure Transmission
Service
ASTM A 707 Specifications for Flanges, Forged, Carbon and Alloy Steel for Low Temperature Service